Intriguingly, AM symbiosis triggers a systemic effect on underground and epigeous portions of plants beyond nutritional benefits, including improving photosynthetic processes, promoting changes in primary and secondary metabolism, enhancing reactive oxygen scavenging ability, and maintaining water uptake, osmotic potential and cell membrane integrity 6, 7. This mutualistic association promotes material exchange and information transmission between AMF and host plants, thereby achieving an optimal symbiotic state by effectively controlling the nutrient balance between the host and the fungi 3, 5. Through AM symbiosis, AMF can transfer absorbed water and mineral nutrients (e.g., phosphate and nitrogen) to the host plant in exchange, the host plant transports carbohydrates synthesized by photosynthesis to AMF in the form of hexose, which is used as the carbon source of fungi 5. AMF hyphae typically penetrate the root epidermis to colonize cortical cells and then form arbuscules composed of highly branched hyphae ensheathed in a plant-derived membrane termed the periarbuscular membrane 3, 4. Arbuscular mycorrhizae represent the most common form of symbiosis between AMF and host plants, with associations observed with ~80% of terrestrial vascular plants 2. Fossil records and molecular data show that AMF coevolved with terrestrial plants and their symbiotic relationship was established 450 million years ago 1. These findings suggest the potential of mycorrhiza-induced resistance for use in pest management of woody plants and demonstrate that the priming of JA-dependent responses in poplar seedlings contributes to mycorrhiza-induced resistance to insect pests.Īrbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) that belong to the subphylum Glomeromycotina occur in soil and are widely distributed in agroforestry ecosystems. The metabolome analysis showed that several metabolites with insecticidal properties, including coumarin, stachydrine, artocarpin, norizalpinin, abietic acid, 6-formylumbelliferone, and vanillic acid, were significantly accumulated in the mycorrhizal seedlings. Except for chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase, which were downregulated in mycorrhizal seedlings, all DEGs related to flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated, including 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavonol synthase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. A transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis (lipoxygenase, hydroperoxide dehydratase, and allene oxide cyclase) and signal transduction (jasmonate-ZIM domain and transcription factor MYC2) and identified the genes that were upregulated in mycorrhizal seedlings. The resistance assay showed that AM fungus inoculation protected poplar seedlings against gypsy moth larvae, as evidenced by the decreased larval growth and reduced larval survival. berolinensis seedlings and deciphered the regulatory mechanisms underlying the mycorrhizal-induced resistance in the leaves of mycorrhizal poplar using RNA-seq and nontargeted metabolomics. Here, we investigated the effect of Glomus mosseae colonization on the interactions between gypsy moth larvae and Populus alba × P.
#Artificial academy 2 guide mod#
There is a mod that adds more body shapes and thicker body types.Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may help protect plants against herbivores however, their use for the pest control of woody plants requires further study.
There is a mod that adds more camera angles. There is a mod that changes the dialogue options and add more audio and subtitle files. There is a mod that adds more personalities and there is another mod that adds more sexual positions to the game.
#Artificial academy 2 guide mods#
There are also mods for cheats and there are mods that add assets like hair packs and clothing. There are mods for Artificial Academy 2 that uncensors the game further. You get to enjoy the chase before getting intimate with someone. Watching relationships blossom is interesting and it adds a thrill to the game. You need to build a decent relationship with them before you can seduce them. It takes time for you to have sex with anyone. These relationships will sometimes conflict with your personal interests.
The other NPCs will interact with each other and form relationships of their own. Since the game is a sandbox game, you can explore the school and watch as characters interact with each other. You have sex with other students in the school and you can control any of the other 25 characters in the class if you wish.